ADDRESS      f^M^ 


THOMAS  GOLD,  ESQ. 

President  of  the  Berkshire  Jgricultural  Society, 


AXD    MEMBEB    OF    THE 


MASSACHUSETTS  SOCIETY 

FOR  PROMOTING  AGRIQULTURE, 


DELITERED    BEFORE    THE 


BERKSHIRE  ASSOCIATION, 

roa  THE 

PROMOTION  OF  AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES, 

AT  PITTSFIELD,  OCT.  2d,  1817. 


"  The  sluggard  will  not  plough  by  reason  of  the  cold  :  therefore 

shall  he  beg  in  Harvest,  and  have  notliing." 
"  Be  thou  diligent  to  know  the  state  of  thy  flocks,  and  look  veil 

to  thy  herds."  Proveiids. 

"  Pater  ipse  colendi, 

Hfl'id  faci!eni  esse  viam  roluit,  primusque  per  ai-tem 
^lovit  agros,  curis  acuens,  mortalia  corda,"     Virs.  Geo.  Lib.  1. 


PITTSFIELD  : 
PRIKTEP    BY    PIIINEBAS    ALLEN, 


ADDRESS      fZjP^^ 

OF 

THOMAS  GOLD,  ESQ. 

Pre,-iiclcnt  of  the  Berkshire  Agricultural  Society, 


ASr    MEMBER    OF    THE 


MASSACHUSETTS  SOCIETY 

FOR  PROMOTIJVG  AGRIQULTURE, 


DELITERED    BEFORE    THE 


BERKSHIRE  ASSOCIATION, 

FOn    THE 

PEOMOTIOJV  OF  AGRICULTURE  AJVD  MAJVUFACTURES, 
AT  PITTSFIELD,  OCT.  2d,  1817. 


"  Tlie  sluggard  will  not  plough  by  reason  of  the  cold  :  therefore 

shall  he  beg  in  Harvest,  and  have  nothing." 
"  Be  thou  diligent  to  know  the  state  of  thy  flocks,  and  look  well 

to  thy  herds."  PaovEiiBS. 

"  Pater  ipse  colendi, 

Ha-id  lacileni  esse  viam  roluit,  primusque  per  ai-tem 
Movit  agroS;  curis  acuens,  mortalia  corda,"     Vihs.  Geo.  Lib.  1. 


FITTSFIELD  : 
PSJJJTEP    BY    PIUNEHAS    ALLEN. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MASSACHUSETTS 
AT  AMHERST 


UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 

Special  Collections  &  Rare  Books 


ADDRESS. 


Gentlemen  of  the  Berkshire  Association 
for  the  promotion  of  Agriculture  and  Manufactures., 
and  Fellow-  Citizens — 

JL  HE  Society  havins^  required  an  annual  exhibition  of 
the  fruits  of  t)>eir  measures,  that  |>ericd  has  returned,  and 
we  are  again  assembled  to  discharge  the  important  duties 
(attached  to  the  occasion.  This  meeting  has  recurred  un- 
der far  more  auspicious  circumstances  than  the  last  ;  for 
we  behold  an  earnest  of  the  promise,  "  that  seed  time 
and  harvest  shall  not  cease" — that  the  labor  of  the  hus- 
bandman shall  be  blessed  M'ith  tlie  plenteousness  of  the 
fruits  of  the  earth.  The  heart  which  was  ready  to  faint, 
has  been  cheered  I)y  the  dawn  of  better  times,  'i'he  ani- 
mating hope,  that  the  general  sufiejing  haa  reached  its 
prescribed  limits,  is  realized — let  our  gratitude  to  Heav- 
en equal  the  greatness  of  these  dispensations — let  our  joy 
be  elevated  to  the  gladdening  scene.  Nor  have  we  less 
cause  of  gratitude,  that  the  exertions  of  the  Society  have 
been  prospered  ;  that  their  labors  to  promote  tlie  general 
welfare  have  been  so  efiectually  succeeded.  These  arc 
considerations  of  delightful  private  satisfaction,  and  gen- 
eral congratulation. 

At  no  period  sii'ice  the  establisliment  of  the  Society, 
have  GO  many  unfavorable  occurrences  in  the  peculiarity 
of  the  times  and  seasons,  liappened.  At  no  period  have 
cfiorts  been  made,  in  equal  degree  and  extent,  to  sustain 
ill^e  hopes  and  expectations  of  our  fellow-citizens  in  the; 
'.id vantages  to  be  derived  from  the  association.  We  have 
^scnrancfj  ihat.  ihcse  f spectations  have  been  realized, 


4 

General  confidence  continues  to  sustain  the  character  for- 
med, and  to  encourage  increased  efforts  in  the  great  pur- 
suits in  which  we  are  engaged. ,  In  view  of  the  blessings 
we  are  made  the  instruments  of  diffusing,  let  ns  take 
courage,  and  persevere  in  the  execution  of  our  benevo- 
lent purposes.  Societies  for  ameliorating  the  condition 
of  the  human  race,  are  rapidly  rising  in  consideration, 
and  acquiring  a  decided  influence  over  the  general  feeling. 
The  best  matured  opinion  inclines  to  their  general  sup- 
port ;  and  the  policy  which  guides  our  coimtry  in  its  prog- 
ress from  rustic  nature,  to  polished  life,  is  imperative. 
Gentlemen — 
In  a  community,  whjch  has  assumed  as  the  basis  of 
every  measure,  and  the  cpmpass  to  direct  every  pursuit, 
an  elevated  degree  of  mental  cultivation,  and  an  active  spir- 
it of  enquiry,  the  office  of  being  the  organ  of  their  com- 
munications, confers  great  dignity,  and  is  most  interest- 
ing to  the  benevolent  mind.  Hence  we  observe  a  pecul- 
iar attention  bestowed  in  the  x'^merican  Republic  on  every 
exertion  to  improve  the  general  welfare.  The  field  of 
usefulness  is  as  extensive  as  the  habitations  of  man — the 
task  as  interesting  as  the  value  of  human  felicity-— the  glo- 
ry  only  exceeded  by  the  imperishable  benefits  conferred. 
Such  is  tlie  condition  of  man,  that  his  benevolence  can- 
not execute  all  the  liberal  purposes  which  ii  \varm  heart 
and  a  sound  head  may  conceive.  Hence  the  Saees  of  our 
Republic  have  adopted  the  policy  of  prescribing  limits  to 
human  action,  commensurate  with  the  means  of  human 
power.  IMuch  wisdom  is  dispia}  cd  in  these  social  com- 
binations, and  their  benefits  are  written  in  legible  charac- 
ters wherever  the  footsteps  of  man  ai'e  found.  These  are 
now  the  approved  mediums  by  wliich  enlightened  and  be- 
]icv6lent  men  are  operating  on  the  great  family  of  man. 
'1  hese  efforts  will  redeem  our  race  from  the  darkness  of 
unlettered  ignorance — reclaim  them  from  the  altars  of  cri^- 


,cl{y — elevate  them  from  the  debasements  tif  siiperstitioft, 
to  a  view  of  the  elieering;  radiance  of  revealed  truth.  I'he 
light  reilected  will  disenthral  man  of  the  corruptions  lliat 
mark  the  footsteps  of  tyranny,  in  every  form,  and  rein- 
state  him  in  his  pristine  dignified  rank,  "  a  little  lovvcr 
ihan  the  angels  of  Heaven."  In  the  consummation  of 
this  desirable  state  of  humanity,  every  description  of  men 
must  feel  irresistible  motives  for  co-operation.  Gesitle- 
men,  it  is  as  necessary  to  the  welfare  of  society,  as  these 
high  consideratior.s  are  inestimable,  that  endeavors  should 
be  used  to  induce  our  fellow-men  to  abandon  indifiercncc, 
to  put  off  apathy,  and  zealously  engage  in  this  holy  cause, 
that  of  doing  good,  while  the  opportunity  remains.  In 
no  sphere  of  useful  action  is  the  field  wider,  or  the  sub- 
jects more  inexhaustible,  than  such  engagements  as  have 
for  their  object  the  promotion  of  our  rural  pursuits.  On 
these  great  interests  depend  all  that  can  advance  social  or- 
der and  general  happiness — ;\\\  that  can  elicit  the  natural 
resources  of  the  country,  and  render  them  subservient  to 
tlic  prosperity  and  independence  of  the  nation.  It  is  oa 
this  prolific  resource  we  calculate  the  recovery  of  a  just 
proportion  of  foreign  commerce,  or  the  substitution  of  per- 
manent arrangements  for  an  extensive  internal  comnKTce. 
We  solicit  you  to  render  these  considerations  familiar  to 
your  daily  refiections.  77ict/  constitute  the  essential  inter-, 
ests  on  ivhicli  our  national  exigence  reposes.  77iei/  de-, 
mand  universal  attention^  that  one  united  conviction  nmrj 
be  produced  of  their  utility^  and  one  ituited  deterniinatiun 
to  sustain  them  against  a  world  in  competition.  I'Vom 
these  efforts  must  proceed  those  lessons  of  wisdom,  imd 
that  splendid  patriotism,  v/hich  shall  u'ind  iheir  way  to  the 
national  councils,  give  a  tone  and  fashioii  to  tliinking,  ma-i 
terials  for  debate,  and  a  field  for  usefulness,  that  shall  en- 
sure to  every  honest  statesman  durable  h\\\Q.  Success  in 
\o  complicated  trancactions,  can  only  be  expected  uova 


the  union  of  the  wisdom,  the  physical  power  and  resourr 
ces  of  the  country.  Gentlemen,  our  lot  is  cast  at  a  peri- 
od when  events  demand  all  the  labor  and  sacrifices  neces- 
sary to  extricate  our  country  from  perplexing  embarrass- 
ments. The  crisis  is  imperative.  It  will  admit  of  no  de- 
lay. The  return  of  better  seasons  and  plentiful  crops 
throughout  Europe,  supersedes  all  demanfl  for  the  prodr 
ucts  of  this  country.  Resuming  their  former  policy  of 
excluding  foreign  products,  we  may  expect  to  see  foreigi> 
commerce  more  than  ever  embarrassed.  The  vast  accu- 
mulation of  provisions  in  the  United  States,  will  produce 
a  depression.  The  manufactures  of  Europe  will  be  in- 
creased and  cheapened.  Our  country,  just  rising  from 
recent  troubles,  is  exposed  to  new  perils.  Our  manufac- 
tures, pressed  by  recent  derangement,  and  inauspicious 
prospects,  f  without  stifficient  protection  J  afford  nothing 
to  console  the  heart,  or  invigorate  our  hopes.  The  policy , 
hitherto^  of  leaving  every  pwsuit  to  provide  for  its  own 
security  and  prosperity^  has  laid  our  country  open  to  the 
widest  and  piost  destructive  projects  of  European  specula-, 
tions.  The  solid  wealth  of  the  country,  and  the  sinews 
ot  efficient  operations,  are  rapidly  passing  from  us.  Our 
navigation  is  circumscribed — its  lucrative  prospects  annir 
hilated.  Year  after  year  the  history  of  our  commercial 
relations  demonstrate  that  we  import  a  greater  value  than 
we  export- — that  our  country  is  becoming  a  debtor  to  oth- 
er countries.  Such  a  course  of  events  must  increase  the 
general  suffering.  It  threatens  the  loss  of  liberty — it  in- 
duces degrading  habits,  and  prepares  us  to  look  with  in^ 
difference  on  the  high  destiny  assigned  by  Providence  to 
this  quarter  of  the  globe.  Is  it  not  time,  then,  to  awak- 
en to  these  dangers  ?  Knowing  ihem  a^  we  do,  the  rem- 
edy is  not  difficult.  On  ourselves  it  depends,  whether  \\  e 
occupy  the  station  assigned  by  nature.  Shall  we  become 
sattcllites  to  diiitant  orbs  ?  or  shall  wc  become  the  centre 


of  a  great  system^  diffusing  light  and  life  to  every  portion 
of  its  dependencies  ?  Gentlemen,  the  occasion  appealiS 
to  your  feelings  and  to  your  understandings.  Your  ex- 
ample is  decisive  of  success.  You  have  achieved  great 
things — the  limits  of  more  extensive  usefulness  are  en- 
larged. Teach  your  cowitrymen  to  rely  alone ^  under  Heav- 
en^ on  their  own  abundant  and  sufficient  resources.  Fast- 
en on  their  minds  the  solemn  truth,  that  foreign  cupidity 
and  selfishness  possess  no  compassion,  no  benevolence-^ 
and  never  casts  its  measures  by  a  single  regard  to  the  wel- 
fare of  its  victims. 

Permit  mc,  gentlemen,  to  ask  your  attention  to  our 
more  immediate  local  concerns.  In  the  improved  state  of 
Berkshire^  we  recognize  the  evidence  of  your  industry 
and  exertions  in  promoting  all  our  useful  rural  pursuits. 
Only  six  years  ago,  the  agricultural  concerns  of  the  Coun- 
ty were  stationary.  Few,  if  any  valuable  improvements 
were  attempted.  Indifference  and  unconcern  seemed  to 
have  pervaded  society.  In  1811,  the  Genius  of  the  Coun- 
ty shook  off  the  leaden  slumbers  of  our  husbandmen,  and 
the  spirit  of  improvement  commenced.  Under  the  aus- 
pices of  your  Association,  a  career  of  usefulness  was  re- 
sumed, and  diligently  prosecuted.  The  former  state  of 
things  has  given  way  to  a  new  condition,  unfolding  on  us 
improvements,  in  variety  and  usefulness,  surpassing  the 
most  sanguine  expectations.  Every  department  of  rural 
employment  demonstrates  an  intelligent  cultivation,  and 
more  effectual  good  management.  In  the  selection  and 
rearing  of  domestic  animals,  more  correct  information 
prevails,  and  greater  emulation  is  awakened.  A  disposi- 
tion for  enquiry  and  experiments  is  prevalent,  and  gives 
assurance  that  the  conviction  of  tillage  over  pastoral  hus- 
bandry, possesses  incalculable  benefits.  The  vast  in- 
crease, variety  and  excellence  in  our  crops,  satisf}-  our 
warmest  desires,  and  leave  us  nothing  to  wish,  and  noth- 


8 

iiig  to  envy  in  the  most  favored  regions  of  tlic  west* 
Such,  gentlemen,  is  the  history  of  the  Society  for  the  last 
six-  yeai's.  With  reference  to  the  future,  the  occasion 
does  not  permit  me  to  be  particular.  'I'he  nature  of  onr 
soils  ;  their  various  fitness  for  difterent  objects  of  cultiva- 
tion ;  improved  implements  of  husbandry  ;  more  careful 
and  eifectual  attention  to  the  operations  of  your  ploughs 
and  harrows  ;  the  better  management  of  your  meadow 
grounds  ;  discretion  in  the  selection  and  management  of 
all  domestic  animals  :  all  are  directly  connected  with  a 
system  of  prosperous  husbandry,  and  claim  your  constant 
attention.  Without  an  adequate  solicitude  and  devotion 
to  these  objects,  no  man  can  become  a  prosperous  farmer. 
Care  has  been  bestowed,  that  every  variety  and  degree  of 
desirable  information,  on  these  subjects,  should  be  col- 
lected and  placed  within  the  reach  of  every  man.  The  in- 
dustry and  solicitude  of  divers  distinguished  men  of  our 
ov»n  country,  has  led  them  to  compile,  from  their  own 
observations,  many  valuable  essays,  which  will  prove 
jnost  useful  aids  to  all  who  7nay  xvisely  doubt  whether  they 
Rre  perfectly  well  informed  on  the  subjects  of  their  pursuits. 
To  ail  such,  allow  me  to  ask  their  attention  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural  Repository  and  Journal — to  the  val- 
uable memoirs  of  the  Philadelphia  Society  for  promoting 
agriculture — to  Livingston's  Essay  on  Sheep — to  Law- 
rence's general  treatise  on  cattle,  and  other  animals.  And 
])ermit  me  to  call  to  the  recollection  of  the  literary  man, 
the  Gcorgics,  written  in  the  Augustan  age  of  the  Rom- 
ans, expressly  to  reclaim  the  knowledge  of  tillage  and  ru- 
ral employments,  which  a  long  period  of  wars  and  suffer- 
iug  had  prostrated.  The  Chief  of  Roman  Bards  was  se- 
lected to  execute  this  important  enterprize.  With  what 
success — witli  what  eiftct,  the  benevolent  task  was  exe- 
cuted, the  history  of  that  period  assures  us.  Imperial 
honors  v\cre  dccieed  liim  ;  and  the  homage  of  an  hundred 


thousand  of  his  fellow- citizens  was  spontaneously  offered 
him,  .when  he  entered  the  National  Theatre.  This  sys- 
tem of  science  in  husbandry,  dressed  in  unrivaled  beau- 
ties and  embellishments,  is  adapted  to  every  farmer's  ca- 
pacity, and  to  eVery  age  and  country.  Whether  we  ad- 
mire the  Mantuan  poet  for  the  elegant  simplicity  of  com- 
position, or  the  acuteness  of  discrimination  and  deep  re- 
searches in  all  agricultural  subjects,  we  venture  to  declare, 
that  as  a  system  of  agricultural  science  and  practice,  it  15 
complete. 

With  these  aids,  a  reading  and  thinking  agriculturalist 
cannot  fail  of  acquiring  that  degree  of  information  which 
shall  guide  him  successfully  in  his  ennobled  pursuit. 
Much,  however,  of  the  advantages  of  these  disquisitions, 
depends  on  the  disposition  for  experiments,  the  accuracy 
of  observation,  and  readiness  to  communicate  the  results' 
to  the  public.  The  Society  is  the  proper  channel  through 
which  such  communications  should  be  made  ;  and  its  of- 
ficers will  take  care  to  transmit  to  the  public,  in  decent 
form,  every  essay  which  shall  be  entrusted  to  their  care. 

Gentlemen — The  history  of  the  past  year  will  be  • 
found  replete  with  most  interesting  occurrences  in  relation 
to  agriculture  and  manufactures.  Agriculture  is  receiv- 
ing valuable  improvements,  and  its  profits  are  rapidly  accu- 
mulating. The  recent  state  of  the  atmosphere,  and  the 
effects  on  vegetation,  have  arrested  general  attention,  and 
produced  many  useful  speculations.  The  theoretic  and 
practical  farmer  find  it  necessary  to  v,ary  cultivation  and 
crops,  to  m.eet  the  exigences.  Long  established  habits 
and  practices  have  been  questioned,  and  made  to  yield 
their  inRucnce  to  a  more  rational  estimate  of  useful  pur- 
suits. This  event  is  by  some  deemed  a  misfortune.  We, 
however,  view  it  favorable  to  improvement  and  human 
5velfare. 
^  Among  Vaeagricuitural  reforms  wliich  good  sense  and 


10 

sound  ealctilation  have  adopted,  is  that  which  relates  t& 
bur  Indian  Corn.     Experience  has  demonstrated  to  every 
farmer,  that  the  uncertainty  and  expence  of  this  crop  re- 
quire that  it  should  become  a  secondary  object  in  cultiva- 
tion.     This  reform  embraces  as  substitutes,  sumvncr 
wheat,  peas  and  potatoes,  iitcluding  the  usual  crops  of 
rye  and  oats.     Recent  experience  has  shewn  it  to  be  the 
true  interest  of  the  agriculturalist  to  bestow  his  undivid- 
ed attention  to  this  reform.     And  that  it  may  be  pursued 
successfully,  permit  me  to  draw  your  attention  to  the  gen- 
eral subject  of  corn,  which  embraces  every  species  of 
grain.     The  varieties,  qualities  and  fitness  for  our  soils 
and  climate,  are  not  .to  be  disregarded.     Success  and 
profit  usually  result  from  a  discreet  selection  of  corn  seed 
for  crops,  and  the  careful  preparation  for  sowing.     We 
are  constantly  making  important  discoveries  in  relation  ta 
tlie  species  of  corn  ;  and  our  own  country  and  others  are 
furnifibing  specimens  far  more  valuable  than  those  in  for- 
aiier  use.     We  allude,  particularly,  to  rt/e,  barley  and 
cats'.     In  the  preparation  of  summer  ivheat^  for  sowing, 
much  experience  enables  us  to  recommend  to  constant 
practice,  that  the  seed  be  selected  of  the  best  qu'ality — ' 
that  it  be  made  clean,  and  carefully  washed,  and  spread 
on  a  clean  floor,  and  tw'o  quarts  of  slucked  lime  to  the 
bushel,  added,  and  raked  in  iintil  the  wheat  becomes 
thoroughly  covered  with  the  lime.     This  process  should 
be  executed  a  sufficient  number  of  days  before  the  time 
of  sowing,  that  it  may  become  dry  :  in  that  state  it  may 
be  sowed,  even  if  the  soil  is  not  dry,  and  the  frost  not 
fully  removed.     This  pre  paration  is  intended  for  the  doub- 
le purpose  of  an  effectual  security  against  smut ^  and  as  a 
vumure,  that  gives  early  activity  to  vegetation.     Many 
other  expedients  have  been  adopted  for  these  purposes  5 
but  v.e  have  never  understood  that  the  object  was  gener- 
ally obtained.     The  economy  of  potatoes,  -in  sustaining 


11 

■and  fattening  domestic  animals,  has  become  extremely 
5ipparent.  Much  attention  is  bestowed  on  the  subject, 
and  many  experiments  have  been  made  in  their  cultivation. 
It  is  not  yet  decided  which  of  the  coui'ses  pursued  merit 
41  preference.  We  should  be  gratified  in  seeing  an  exhib- 
it of  the  most  approved  tillage  of  potatoes  in  Berkshire. 

The  past  year  having  been  distinguished  for  deficiency 
in  forage  and  materials  for  the  sustcnimce  of  animals,  the 
ingenuity  of  man  has  been  prompt  in  providing  substi- 
tutes. The  invention  of  machines  for  preparing  their 
food,  on  a  most  saving  economical  plan,  has  arrested  gen- 
eral attention.  Hie  discovery  was  not  peculiarly  original 
in  this  country.  The  invention  had  obtained  confidence 
jn  Great-Britain  in  1812,  where  similar  privations  origi- 
nated the  idea  of  rendering  forage  more  useful  \jy  redu- 
cing it  to  chaff.  The  machines  for  executing  this  im- 
provement, are  of  An^erican  origin.  The  ijitroductiorr 
of  machines,  of  various  structure,  for  reducing  hay,  straw 
and  cornstocks  to  chaff,  has  formed  an  ei;a  in  the  manage- 
ment of  our  domestic  animals,  when  confined  to  forage. 
The  improvement  is  of  inestimable  v^lue  in  this  climate, 
and  will  prove  a  security  against  deficiences  produced  by 
the  vicissitudes  of  the  seasons.  The  economy  of  this 
measure  may  be  fairly  estimated  as  a  saving  of  more  than 
one  third  of  the  eKpence  of  forage. 

Permit  me,  gentlemen,  to  recommend  these  machines 
to  your  attention  aiid  patronage  ;  and  maj^  your  example 
he  decisive  of  their  geneml  use.  Allow  me,  also,  to  re- 
commend steam  in  preparing  potatoes  for  your  animals  ; 
and  that  you  grind  or  steanj  all  grain  which  3  ou  intejid  for 
like  use. 

The  advantages  of  arable,  over  pasture  groundes,  have, 
in  every  age  and  country,  attracted  pointed  attention,  and 
considered  as  the  grand  resource  on  which  Jiipid  popula- 
rion  and  mujtinlied  nipuis  of  commerige  might  be  cxpc^iT 


ted.  The  principle  and  policy  of  the  improvement,  as 
indispensable  to  the  general  welfare,  are  duly  appreciated 
by  our  fellow-citizens.  The  abandonment  of  tlie  practice 
of  occupying  large  portions  of  land  for  pasturage,  and  a- 
dopting  an  active  course  of  tillage,  distinguishes  the  good 
sense  of  our  husbandmen,  and  gives  assurance  that  plen- 
ty will  continue  to  bless  this  happy  land. 

Tlie  land  devoted  to  meadow  and  mowing,  justly  mer- 
its the  solfcitude  of  the  farmer.  This  department  of  hus- 
bandry has  become  a  subject  of  much  consideration. 
The  decline  in  the  productiveness  of  meadbws,  is  a  theme 
of  common  complaint.  Several  causes  have  contributed 
to  produce  this  deficiency.  The  grounds  appropriated 
to  meadov/,  are  too  extensi\c,  and  disproportioned  to  the 
size  of  farms  and  the  means  of  sustaining  them.  Hence 
they  are  too  generally  tveated  as  pasture  ground  ;  are  not 
manured  or  stocked  with  seed  ;  of  course  an  annual  de- 
preciation ensues.  Allow  me  to  urge  you  to  convert  a 
"due  proportion  of  the  meadow  to  arable  land,  and  the  n-s- 
idue  to  improve,  by  care  and  good  management,  until  it 
produces  the  quantity  which  good  husbandry  requires. 
This  operation  will,  by  its  inmiense  accession  of  profits, 
demonstrate  its  utility. 

Gentlemen — That  our  tillage  may  be  sustained, 
■without  prejudicing  its  fertility,  the  expedients  of  a  rota- 
tion of  crops,  of  vegetable  manures,  of  composts,  of 
-plaister  and  marks,  and  of  stocking  with  suitable  grasses, 
uill  occur  to  you,  and  receive  the  consideration  which 
this  most  important  part  of  rural  management  merits. 
Our  brother  farmers,  who  occupy  high  lands,  ex]:)0sed  to 
frosts  and  chilling  atmospheres,  during  the  vernal  season, 
are  particularly  interested  in  thisa(^vice.  If  they  desire 
to  preserve  their  ilirms  from  decline  ;  if  they  desire  to  in- 
crease their  fruitfulness,  and  to  realize  plenty  and  pros- 


13 

perky  ;  they  will  adopt  and  vigorously  pursue  the  useful 
course  recommended. 

In  reviewing  progressive  improvements  in  agricultural 
pursuits,  we  must  not  forget  to  bestow  merited  praise  on 
those  of  our  fellow-citizens  who  have,  widi  unabated  per- 
severance, continued  to  devote  great  attention  and  care  in 
the  choice  and  manUQ;ement  of  domestic  animals.  Much 
emuiatioti  exists  on  the  subject  of  neat  cattle.  We  anx- 
iously wish  to  see  an  increased  ambition  and  more  active 
exertions  in  advancing  neat  stock  to  a  greater  degree  of 
perfection.  Much  remains  to  be  done  in  this  department 
of  the  farmer.  In  every  view,  these  animals  form  a  dis*. 
tinguished  portion  of  New-England  wealth.  The  annals 
of  agriculture  already  furnish  remarkable  instances  of  ex- 
cellence in  the  dairy  department.  Allow"  me  to  urge  on 
your  attention  a  greater  degree  of  discrimination  in  rela- 
tion to  the  size,  form  and  productiveness  of  cows.  If 
the  consideration  of  interest  can  stinmlate  to  exertion, 
the  price  of  superior  animals  of  this  kind  cannot  fail  to 
satisfy  the  most  extravagant  desires. 

The  flocks  of  sheep,  diversified  by  various  origins  and 
qualities,  continue  to  whiten  our  hills,  and  to  enjoy  the 
first  consideration.  The  unpropitious  occurrences  of  the 
last  year,  severely  affected  this  department  of  husloandry. 
The  deficiency  of  forage,  in  connection  with  the  misera- 
ble policy  of  encouraging  foreign,  at  the  expence  of  our 
own  manufacturing  resources,  conspired  to  raise  a  most 
senseless  clamor  against  sheep.  The  maddening  deJusion 
menaced  the  extinction  of  the  race.  Jt  was  at  tliat  criti- 
cal  moment  we  interposed  our  feeble  voice  to  arrest  the 
progress  of  this  fatally  impending  calamity.  Tlie  stcrni 
of  fury  has  passed  away,  with  the  superlative  I'uliy  and 
contemptible  selfishness  which  gave  it  birth.  In  less 
than  one  short  year,  this  most  valuable  of  all  our  races  of 
animals  is  restorcd  to  general  conudenee.     The  cnliunced 


price  of  animal  food,  renders  them  necessary  to  our  coiw- 
fortable  subsistence.  The  incomparable  advantages  of 
the  fleece,  give  them  a  claim  to  our  highest  regard.  When 
viewed  with  reference  to  manufactures,  and  the  future 
wealth  and  independence  of  our  country,  they  merit  our 
utmost  protection.  If  there  be  any  who  doubt  the  policy 
of  giving  full  encouragement  to  this  branch  of  rural  em- 
ployment, let  such  turn  their  attention  to  the  distinguish- 
ed nations  of  Europe,  and  recal  ta  mind  the  facts  which 
their  history  records,  as  the  bases  of  all  their  -wealth,  pros- 
perity and  power.  The  treasures  of  the  fleece,  and  the 
resources  of  their  flocks,  occupy  all  the  solicitude  of  sove- 
reign power,  and  are  cherished  with  an  ardor  not  bestow- 
ed on  any  other  pursuit. 

Let  this  attractive  view  of  prosperous  and  splendid  ac- 
quisition, enkindle  a  noble  ambition  tq  adopt  their  exam, 
pie  and  spirit,  with  the  many  superior  advantages  and  im- 
provements which  our  condition  furnishes.  This  sub- 
ject, considered  in  connection  with  the  prospective  popu- 
lation of  the  United  States,  confidently  assures  us,  that 
this  department  of  husbandry  will  be  sustained  with  in- 
creasing profit,  and  must  be  matured  as  our  greatest  na- 
tional resource.  The  accomplishment  of  these  events  dcr 
mands  time,  patience  and  perseverance.  Great  projects, 
commenced,  at  first,  with  difficulty,  and  pursued  with 
sacrifices,  have  usually  been  characterized  in  maturity 
with  abundant  remuneration.  In  a  country  where  the 
population  doubles  in  a  little  more  than  twenty  years,  the 
demand  for  wool  cannot  be  estimated.  The  present  pop- 
!ilation  will  require  fifty  -millions  of  pounds  of  wool  to 
supply  the  exigences.  This  is  at  least  twenty  milliojis  of 
pounds  of  wool  more  than  can  now  be  supplied.  Here 
exists  a  growing  demand  on  the  farmer  that  no  industry 
can  fully  supply.  Let  no  farmer,  then,  doubt  of  a  suc- 
cessful issue  to  this  gr®at  and  invaluable  M\iployment^ 


15 

On  this  subject  allow  mc  to  submit  to  your  consideratioft 
two  important  objects  for  improvement.  That  in  pursu- 
ing the  subject  of  flocks  and  wool,  it  is  the  interest  of 
this  country  to  raise  but  two  kinds  of  sheep,  viz.  those 
of  the  coarse  long  wool,  and  the  j^w^  dose  wool  races.  For 
the  first  purpose,  the  farmer  should  compose  his  flock  of 
the  largest  sized  sheep  ;  disposed  to  produce  large  fleeces  ;• 
inclined  to  fat ;  and  easy  to  retain  flesh.  That  for  the  sec- 
ond purpose,  the  flocks  should  be  composed  of  the  finest 
grades  of  the  merino  race,  in  which  much  regard  is  to  be 
had  to  size  and  form,  but  more  to  the  quality  of  the  wool. 

In  pursuing  the  recapitulations  of  the  past  year,  we  re- 
cognize, with  pleasure,  that  the  proprietors  of  lands  man- 
ifest an  increasing  solicitude  for  the  preservation  of  forest 
trees  and  the  economy  of  fuel,  by  the  introduction  of  val- 
uable improvements  for  warming  houses,  and  the  man- 
agement of  the  culinary  department.  These  are  objects 
of  vast  utility,  and  essentially  appertain  to  successful  pur- 
suits, whether  they  regand  pleasure  or  profit. 

The  Society  have  particularly  recommended  the  culti- 
vation of  the  Sugar-Maple  Tree,  and  excited  to  exer- 
tions by  a  liberal  premium.  Whetlicr  this  most  elegant 
tree  of  our  forests  be  regarded  for  its  beautiful  form,  its  de- 
lightful and  refreshing  shade,  or  its  valuable  product,  it: 
merits  our  utmost  attention  and  care  in  the  cultivation  and 
preservation.  Its  high  value  in  the  department  of  econ- 
omy, will  appear  conspicuously,  when  the  Consumption 
of  sugar  \\\  the  United  States  is  estimated  at  fjeventy  m'llU 
ions  of  pounds,  at  least,  annually  ;  and  tl^at  of  this  arti- 
cle, twelve  millions  of  pounds,  at  least,  are  the  product 
of  the  maple  tree,  exceeding,  in  value,  SI, 200,000.  Pur- 
sue this  useful  object  vigorously  for  twcl\  e  3  cars,  ;ind  tho 
demand  for  foreign  sugars  would  be  nearly  superseded. 
The  narrow  policy  of  a  certain  great  Euiop^-an  pov/cr  on 
the  subject  of  mcnopolising  the  sug^ar  tsr.Jc  Jii. their ,S5J'- 


s^sr  Islands,  will  eventually  prove  the  first  of  blessinga  to 
this  nation.  But  the  rapid  extension  of  plantations  for 
rearing  the  sugar  cane,  among-  our  enterpriziiig  southern 
fellow-citizens,  and  the  success  attending  their  exertions, 
promise,  at  no  distant  period,  to  place  this  article  of 
common  use  beyond  the  reach  of  accident,  or  the  mach- 
inations of  nations  who  aim  to  erect  their  own  prosperity 
and  power  on  the  depression  of  neighboring  States. 

Gentlemen — We  have  finished  the  remarks  which 
we  had  prescribed,  on  the  first  duty  of  the  Society,  its 
agriculture.  The  occasion,  the  variety  and  extent  of  the 
objects,  have  only  permitted  me  to  occupy  your  time  in 
general  view\s.  We  rely  on  the  spirit  of  research,  which 
this  meeting  cannot  fail  to  excite,  to  supply  necessary  o- 
missions.  This  duty  we  entreat  of  you  to  .perform  with 
fidelity  to  yourselves  and  your  country. 

Gentlemen — The  second  object  of  official  duty  re- 
quires me  to  ask  your  attention  to  household  manufac- 
tures, ar.d  those  conducted  by  associations.  Devotion 
to  these  great  interests  of  the  country,  is  a  corporate  du- 
ty, and  constitutes  a  portion  of  our  most  useful  and  plea- 
ding engagements.  A  most  commendable  zeal,  and  ex- 
emplary liberality,  have  characterized  the  measures  of 
the  Association,  in  the  encouragement  of  this  essential 
R}  stem  of  economy.  This  portion  of  national  industry 
is  necessarily  conriCCted  with  the  convenience  and  pros- 
j.crity  of  every  family.  On  a  due  estimate  of  the  advan- 
tages, and  an  industrious  application  of  the  powers  of 
iamilies  to  tliesc  o!)jccts,  are  we  to  rely  for  their  ease  and 
independence.  The  subject  embraces  whatever  relates 
to  the  liealth,  the  moi-als  and  tlie  useful  habits  of  the  peo- 
ple. They  tend  to  ensure  industry,  pleiity  and  social  en- 
joyments, which  are  the  brightest  ornaments  and  the  dis- 
tinction of  the  eitizcp.s  of  New- England.  Mechanic 
practices,  coramenced  with  the  settlement  of  the  counlrji«|i 


17 

and  have  been  transmitted  to  the  present  generation. 
Progressive  science  and  practice  distinguish  the  age,  as 
most  fruitful  in  mechanic  invention  and  their  application 
to  manufiictures.  In  these  displays  the  ladies  of  Berk- 
shire have  presented  powerful  claims  to  public  admiration 
and  respect.  They  early  delighted  to  seek  *'  the  wool 
and  the  flax,  and  to  work  willingly  with  their  hands"- — 
their  clothing  is  of  the  fabrics  of  their  own  hands  :  "  their 
husbands  are  known  in  the  gates,  when  they  sit  among 
the  elders  of  the  land."  Never  did  this  or  any  country 
behold  a  more  splendid  and  delightful  exhibition  of  fe- 
male industry,  science  and  ingenuity,  than  tliat  which 
succeeded  the  first  anniversary  meeting  of  the  Society. 
Though  pressed  with  embarrassments,  and  subjected  to 
severe  privations,  never  were  families  better  clothed,  or 
houses  rendered  more  comfortable.  Fabrics  were  trans- 
formed from  plain  to  elegant — from  elegant  to  ornamen- 
tal. Never  did  our  fair  country  women  appear  more  at- 
tractive, than  when  clad  in  the  manufactures  of  their  own 
hands.  At  no  period  have  they  preferred  so  strong  and 
valuable  claims  to  the  best  regards,  and  to  all  tlie  tender 
charities  of  the  other  sex.  Happy — thrice  happy  would 
have  been  our  country,  had  their  example  been  vigorous- 
ly supported  and  continued.  Then  would  our  country 
have  been  saved  from  half  its  burthens.  Then  would  each 
family  have  occupied  a  proud  and  happy  pre-eminence  ; 
its  possessions  unencumbered,  and  its  resources  plentiful 
and  increasing.  However  much  speculation  may  deride 
this  system  of  economy,  and  however  much  our  dealers 
in  foreign  manufactures  may  teach  a  contempt  for  it,  or 
impose  the  delusion  of  jmrchasinr^  cheaper  of  them,  rest 
assured  it  is  the  only  safe  course  i-cv  our  fellow-citizens  to 
pursue.  Adhere  to  this  course,  and  avoid  the  purchase 
of  every  article  which  you  can  create,  then  is  a  broad 
ioundation  laid  for  private  wealth  and  independence  ;  then 


18 

will  the  manners  and  morals  of  the  people  long  remain  un- 
corrupted  ;  their  virtues  and  social  enjoyments  unimpair- 
ed ;  and  the  liberties  and  governments  vt'hich  distinguish 
this  free  land,  and  attract  the  admiration  of  a  world,  shall 
be  transmitted  with  undiminished  glory. 

The  general  subject  of  manufactures  has  become  most 
interesting  to  the  United  States.     Universal  attention  is 
excited  to  institute  an  enquiry,  ivhether  the  exigences  of 
the  country  require  that  they  should  receive  general  syste- 
matic support  ?  and  whether  we  possess  the  means  of  giv- 
ing them  a  successful  support  ?     Recurrence  to  the  histo- 
ry of  other  countries,  and  their  manufactures  in  the  early 
stages  of  their  progress,  demonstrate  that  the  exigences 
of  our  country  at  this  period  are  as  urgent  as  any  which 
ever  existed  in  Europe  ;  and  that  our  means  are  more  am- 
ple than  those  of  any  other  country  of  similar  age  and 
population.     If  policy  and  self- security  lead  them  to  make 
immense  efforts  and  sacrifices  to  commence  and  prosecute 
manufactures,  the  same  causes  operate  more  conclusively 
on  us.     That  the  vast  increase  of  agricultural  products, 
above  the  consumption  of  the  country,  or  the  prospect  of 
sale  in  foreign  markets,  will  tend  to  depress  the  price,  is 
manifest.     Such  an  event  must  be  sensibly  felt  in  the 
market  of  agricultural  products.      In  such  a  dilemma,  is 
there  an  expedient  for  relief?     Is  there  any  way  to  lessen 
the  pressure  of  such  a  reverse  ?     Yes,  there  is.     In  the 
language  of  a  great  and  distinguished  statesman  of  our 
own  country,  "  We  must  now  place  the  manufacturer  by 
the  side  of  the  agriculturalist."     In  every  country  and 
age,  these  tv\  o  great  pursuits  have  become  mutual  aids, 
receiving  and  bestowing  activity  and  energy  ;  ensuring  to 
enierprizc  and  industry  their  merited  rewards.     The  ef- 
fect of  such  a  course  of  policy  is  certain,  and  cannot  dis- 
appoint the  bene  volent  wishes  of  an  honest  statesman.     It 
must  result  in  prosperity.     It  will  furnish  all  the  means  of 


iff 

the  most  extensive  and  active  internal  commerce  which 
modern  days  have  witnessed.  In  exact  proportion  as  these 
truths  are  appreciated,  so  will  the  Slate  become  powerful 
and  respected.  It  is  the  only  basis  of  national  security  : 
it  is  the  only  system  adapted  for  peace  or  war  :  it  is  the 
best  protection  for  agriculture^  and  the  palladium  of  inde- 
pendence. If  we  are  permitted  to  believe  these  remarks 
correct  and  conclusive,  we  ask,  with  confidence,  wheth- 
er there  is  not  such  a  concurrence  of  circumstances  at  this 
period,  to  fix  this  as  the  crisis  for  prosecuting  effectually 
all  the  manufactures  so  happily  begun,  and  to  invoke  for 
them  the  utmost  protection  and  encouragement  ?  The 
resources  of  the  country  are  suflicient  for  every  purpose. 
The  science  and  skill  in  manufactures-,  from  the  simplici- 
ty of  the  loom  to  the  Vv'onderful  invention  and  stupendous 
structure  of  steam-vessels,  are  multiplied,  and  rapidly 
progressing  in  every  section  of  the  country.  Labor- sa- 
ving machinery  bars  the  argument  of  cxpence,  and  more 
than  balances  the  difference  in  the  compensation  for  labor 
betwixt  this  and  older  States.  Nor  is  this  all  that  may  be 
thrown  into  the  scale.  The  means  of  sustenance,  the 
prodigious  advantages  of  water  agency,  in  cheapness  and 
security,  over  that  of  steam,  is  decisive  of  success.  Be- 
yond these  natural  advantages,  our  government  has  the 
power,  as  we  hope  it  possesses  the  disposition,  to  place 
this  invaluable  interest  out  of  jeopardy,  by  excluding  for- 
eign competition,  and  by  preferences  for  every  public  use. 
Let  the  Government  extend  to  them  but  a  quarter  of  the 
efficient  protection  and  encouragement  which  Great- Brit- 
ain^ our  greatest  and  most  hostile  rival,  extends  to  her  ar- 
tizans  and  rnanufacturing  establishments,  it  would  be  the 
pledge  oj  success. 

The  United  States  are  remarkably  situated  to  give  ef- 
fect to  the  policy  of  sustaining  manufactures.  The  re- 
sources and  oecupations  of  the  various  parts  are  suited  tQ 


20 

diffuse  the  advantages  of  one  section  to  the  wants  of  a- 
ROther  section  of  the  country.     The  south  and  west  fur- 
nish immense  quantities  of  raw  materials  and  provisions, 
the  efficient  resources  of  manufactures,  and  of  extensive 
domestic  traffic — the  north  and  east  possess  sailors,  ships, 
artizansand  establishments,  which  enable  them  to  become 
the  manufacturers,  carriers  and  distributors  of  these  vast 
products.     With  such  ample  means — with  such  unequal- 
led advantages,  shall  we  doubt  and  linger  on  the  brink  of 
ruin  ?     Shall  our  countrymen  longer  remain  insensible  to 
their  own  welfare  ?     Will  you,  gentlemen,  continue  the 
humble  tenants  of  your  soil,  to  supply  distant  nations  with 
the  materials  for  advancing  their  own  wealth  and  strength, 
by  returning  on  you  your  own  products  enhanced  an  hun- 
dred fold  by  their  industry  ?     Will  you  toil  on  in  the  de- 
graded vassalage,  slaves  to  habit,  and  dupes  to  the  dis- 
honorable imposition,  that  manufactures  do  not  become 
your  condition  ?     The  supposition  is  offensive   to  your 
feelings,  and  hostile  to  true  American  policy.     It  tends  to 
degrade  the  lofty  character  of  the  nation — to  subject  the 
country  to  become  a  great  theatre  for  foreign  speculations. 
The  genius  of  America  spurns  such  unvvortlw  humility. 
Gentlemen,   the   people  should  understand  their  real 
and  permanent  interests,  and  place  tliem  on  n  basis  as  firm 
as  their  own  independence,  and  cherish  them  with  an  ar- 
dor only  surpassed  by  their  attachment  to  their  precious 
liberties.     To  the  people,  then,  we  address  these  sen- 
timents !     To  the  people  we  comrwit  their  protection. 

G£NTi.EME>r — In  unison  with  these  impressions,  im- 
portant events  have  elicited  several  decided  expressions  of 
the  public  sense.  By  these  our  hopes  are  animated,  and 
our  confidence  increased.  The  recent  establishment  of  a 
Society  in  the  enterprising  State  of  New- York,  composed 
of  numerous  members  from  every  employment,  distin- 
guished for  science,  intelligence,  wealth  and  spirit,   hav- 


SI 

ing  at  their  head  that  excxzlieat  man,  the  second  Magis- 
trate of  the  nation,  for  the  express  purpose  of  encourag- 
ing manufactures,  is  at  once  the  evidence  of  reformation, 
and  the  pledge  that  this  great  cause  shall  be  sustained. 
^Massachusetts,  not  less  distinguished  for  cnterprize  and 
public  spirit,  has  caught  excitement  from  the  example, 
formed  an  Association  with  kindred  views,  and  organized 
with  a  weight  of  talents,  wealth  and  respectability,  that 
ensures  confidence,  perseverance  and  success  in  the  ma- 
turity of  time.  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Connecticut 
and  New-Hampshire,  deeply  interested  in  the  success  of 
these  useful  and  splendid  objects,  have  imbiljed  the  spirit 
of  improvement,  and  are  co-operating  vigorously  in  all 
the  measures  requisite  to  ensure  the  permanent  indepen- 
dence of  the  nation.  The  cKcitement  and  the  enterprize 
arc  not  insulated  ;  but  extending  to  other  States  and  to 
other  sources  of  improvement.  The  great  and  intelligent 
State  of  Virginia  is  shaking  off  its  sloth  and  the  torpor  of 
inaction,  and  commencing  various  projects  for  advance- 
ment in  its  agricultural  resources.  North- Carolina,  though 
lieretofore  retarded  in  its  career  of  improvement,  has  com- 
menced,  with  a  noble  zer,l  and  energy,  the  great  and  use* 
ful  measure  of  diffusing  among  itj  citizens  the  means  of 
a  vast  and  rapid  amelioration  of  all  its  native  resources. 
Societies  have  been  instituted  in  these  States  to  succeed 
these  most  useful  purposes  :  and,  gentlemen,  it  is  not  a- 
mong  the  least  of  your  honors  and  felicities,  that  yonr  So- 
ciety has  every  where  been  adopted  as  a  model,  and  ha 
aid  sought  and  readily  afforded. 

The  enlightened  and  benevolent  men  of  our  country 
have  considered  these  subordinate  ariangcments  as  imper- 
fect, and  the  advantages  liable  to  be  impaired  lor  the  \\  ant 
of  a  wise  superintending  head  to  conceive  and  todifuise 
its  spirit  and  intelligence  through  the  nation.  Authorised 
by  the  general  concurrence  of  opinion,  this  Society  mudti 


2& 

an  application  to  the  Legislature  of  the  United  States, 
during  the  late  session,  to  erect  a  "  National  Board  of 
Agriculture."  The  measure  is  warranted  by  many  pre- 
cedents ;  and  the  immense  advantages  attending  it  in 
Great-Britain  and  France,  induced  the  belief,  that  the  U- 
Jilted  States,  in  their  extended  situation,  would  realize 
extensive  and  permanent  blessings  from  the  establishment. 
The  proposition  was  favorably  entertained  by  the  late  dis- 
tinguished President  and  by  Congress.  A  bill  was  repor- 
ted and  approved,  and  would  have  passed  into  a  law,  had 
time  permitted.  The  measure  will  be  resumed,  and  we 
entertain  no  doubt  of  its  taking  effect. 

Such  a  system  is  calculated,  in  its  relations,  to  produce 
an  universal  excitement.  The  communications  which 
must  be  regularly  made  and  dispersed,  will  transmit  to 
every  section  of  the  nation  the  discoveries  and  improve- 
ments of  every  age  and  country.  Such  an  Institution 
should  be  cherished  with  affection,  and  receive  an  undi- 
vided support. 

Gentlemen — This  year  is  distinguished  by  another 
important  occurrence,  peculiar  to  our  own  Commonwealth, 
The  Legislature,  though  late,  have  listened  to  counsels 
frequently  offered,  but  never  entertained  with  the  solici- 
tude which  their  immense  importance  demanded.  Dur- 
ing many  years,  the  Government  have  been  solicited  to 
*'  encourage  private  societies  and  public  institutions,  by 
rewards  and  immunities,  for  the  promotion  of  agriculture 
and  manufactures."  This  is  a  duty  rendered  imperious 
by  our  invaluable  Constitution-r-yet,  strange  as  is  the 
fact,  this  duty,  so  necessary  to  the  welflire  of  the  State, 
so  directly  connected  with  its  prosperity  in  the  country, 
and  its  commerce  and  navigation  abroad,  has  been  pro- 
crastinated. 

At  last,  when  embarrassments  brought  perplexity,  and 
unpropitious  seasons  depression— when  our  population 


was  daily  wasting  by  emigration,  and  our  invaluable  eas- 
tern domains  were  unsought  for,  the  Legislature  awaken- 
ed to  the  surrounding  dangers,  and  made  a  direct  effort  to 
restore  the  Commonwealth  to  a  better  condition.  The 
policy  which  begins  to  shed  its  influence  on  us,  will  have 
the  effect  to  check  emigration  ;  to  attach  our  fellow- citi- 
zens to  their  native  soil  ;  to  inspire  them  to  resume,  more 
actively  and  intelligently,  their  agricultural  and  manufac- 
tural  employments.  The  effort  is  worthy  the  character  of 
the  State,  reflects  great  honor  on  the  projectors,  and  gives 
assurance  of  success.  The  eastern  section  of  the  Com- 
monwealth particularly  required,  and  is  realizing  the 
benefit  of  these  enlightened  counsels.  It  was  a  lead- 
ing object  in  this  policy,  to  awaken  the  citizens  of  the 
State  to  an  instant  and  manly  effort  to  improve  their  hus- 
bandry, and  to  revive  and  sustain  their  manufactures. 
To  this  end  the  Societies  for  the  promotion  of  these  in- 
teresting objects  have  been  viewed  with  favor,  and  recei- 
ved pecuniary  encouragement.  The  Legislature  made 
two  grants  of  money  for  these  useful  purposes,  the  most 
considerable  of  which  was  very  properly  given  to  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Agricultural  Society,  and  the  other  to  this  As- 
sociation. 

This  is  an  honorable  distinction  conferred  on  this  Insti- 
tution  ;  the  best  commentary  on  its  measures,  and  the 
reputation  for  usefuhiess  which  the  Society  has  acquired 
by  its  indefatigable  labors  and  exemplary  liberality.  With 
gratitude  and  pleasure  we  hail  these  acts  of  public  spirit 
in  the  Legislature,  and  consider  them  as  the  pledge  of 
perseverance  in  more  ample  provisions  for  the  promotiom 
of  these  great  vital  interests.  Surely,  if  the  treasures  of 
the  people  can  be  applied  constitutionally  to  any  objects, 
beside  the  mere  support  of  government,  these  interests 
challenge  the  first  patronage,  and  should  be  rendered  per- 
manent by  solid  encouragements.     Without  such  patron- 


age  and  encoiiragerrient,  no  State  has  been  excited  to 
make  efforts,  equal  to  its  natural  resources,  or  the  extenllr 
of  its  wants.  We,  therefore,  repose  with  confidence  on 
the  public  spirit  and  intelligence  of  our  rulers,  that  they 
will  vigorously  persevere  iii  the  cOHjrse  of  policy  commen- 
ced ;  that  they  will  multiply  encouragements  to  agricul- 
tural and  manuficturing  societies,  according  to  merit, 
that  the  good  effects  intended  may  be  produced.  Should 
"Vvc  be  asked,  IFhat  means  the  State  possesses  to  revive  and 
sustain  its  rural  pursuits  ?  its  numerous  manufactures? 
its  roads,  canals  and  interior  channels  of  communication  ? 
We  reply  :  The  State  has  possession  of  ample  resources, 
such  as  the  enterpiizing  States  of  New- York  and  Penn- 
sylvania have  constantly  held  in  requisition  for  these  im- 
portant objects.  These  resources  consist  in  banking 
funds,  or  aids  drawn  from  them  in  the^cts  of  creation — 
in  the  taxation  of  special  objects — in  a  State  Lottery^  ar- 
ranged as  a  permanent  source  of  annual  income,  applica- 
ble to  these  destinations.  We  are  apprised  that  objec- 
tions are  entertained  against  the  latter  provision.  W^e, 
however,  humbly  conceive,  that  the  course  of  events, 
furnishing  so  many  precedents  of  utility,  render  the  ob- 
jections abortive  and  powerless.  'J'hc  use  of  this  last 
provision  has  become  not  only  expedient,  but  necessary 
to  the  gejieral  v/elfare.  Policy  requires  its  adoption,  to 
exclude  the  mischiefs,  attributable  to  the  measure,  which 
approach  from  abroad,  and  indirectly  infuse  the  influence 
tl'.at  has  been  charged  on  the  direct  legal  provision.  We 
look  to  the  future  for  a  nioi'e  respectable  estimate  of  the 
policy  u  inch  sliould  govern  a  great  State.  We  confident- 
ly expect  to  see  a  liberal  and  cheering  policy  prevailing  o- 
ver  narrow,  depressing  and  cheerless  conceptions,  found- 
ed on  objections  long  since  consigned,  by  events,  to  the 
repository  of  little  objects,  whose  little,  transient  hour  of 
popularity  has  become  extinct.     J^^(iy  ^fc"  not  he  permitted 


25- 

to  hope  J  that  the  good  sense  of  our  fellow-cit'tzens^  in  full 
^ew  of  this  Canaan  of  rest  and  glory  ^  will  select  from  a- 
mong  them  men  of  acknowledged  talents,  sound  heads  and 
courageous  hearts — 7ne7i  who  calculate  on  720  popidarity 
that  does  not  repose  07i  the  broad  basis  of  the  public  good,  and 
elevate  them  to  posts  of  hoiior  and  of  usefuhiess.  Let  uSy 
fellow -citize7is,  take  refuge  in  such  coimsels.  Let  such  be 
the  77ien  who7n  the  people  shall  delight  to  ho7ior. 

Gentlemen   of   the  Society, 
AND  Fellow-Citizens — 

The  history  of  rural  pursuits  is  full  of  instruction,  and 
the  richest  source  of  rational  employment.  It  is  the  most 
ancient  and  dignified  occupation  of  man.  The  hopes  of 
the  world  rest  on  its  basis.  The  felicity  of  our  race  ;  the 
liberties  ;  the  arts  and  sciences  ;  commerce  and  naviga- 
tion, are  indebted  to  the  resources  of  agriculture  for  their 
existence.  It  is  the  parent  of  all  the  manly  virtues,  and 
the  safe-guard  of  correct  morals.  It  is  this  pursuit  which 
contrasts  the  civilized  and  the  savage  man.  It  is  from 
this  source  countless  blessings  are  distributed  over  a  world, 
chequered  with  suffering,  want  and  wretchedness.  At 
one  period,  its  benefits  rendered  the  eastern  continer.t  the 
abode  of  plenty,  and  the  dwelling-place  of  every  felicity. 
At  another  epoch,  these  grand  and  pleasing  prospects 
were  clouded  and  comfortless.  The  ravages  of  wars,  and 
the  devastations  of  revolutions,  overwhelmed  and  desoh:- 
ted  those  cultivated  regions.  They  were  obscured  in  a 
long  night  of  vandalism  and  wretci^icdness.  To  modern 
men  has  Providence  assigned  the  benevolent  task  of  re- 
deeming from  their  ruins  the  knowledge  and  the  improve- 
ments of  the  Augustan  age,  and  restoring  man  to  his  le- 
gitimate enjoyments. 

It  v/uS  not  until  the  year  1793,  that  even  Great-Britairi 
was  excited  to  make  proper  efforts  to  improve  her  agri^ 
cultural  condition.     At  tlKit  eventful  period,  a  mind,  iai- 


bued  with  benevolence,  and  stimulated  by  the  noble  pas- 
sion of  rendering  his  country  more  worthy  its  high  desti- 
ny, commenced  a  system   of  improvement  which   has 
changed  the  face  of  that  country,  and  multiplied  its  pop- 
ulation and  the  resources  of  manufactures,  commerce  and 
navigation,  far  exceeding  all  former  attempts.     The  gen- 
ius of  Britain,  in  the  majesty  of  her  strength,  inspired 
Sir  John  Sinclair  to  become  the  organ  of  so  many 
inestimable  blessings.     It  was  the  mighty  effort  of  his 
magnanimous  mind,  that  boldly  exposed  to  his  country- 
men the  imperfections  of  their  rural  pursuits,  and  intro- 
duced to  their  practice  the  knowledge  and  experiments 
which  distinguished  the  Romans  above  every  nation  of 
the  globe.     Under  the  auspices  of  this  great  benefactor 
of  his  country,  that  nation  has  surpassed  all  others  in  her 
agriculture,  manufactures  and  commerce.     His  example 
animated  numerous  eminent  men  of  various  ranks,  from 
the  throne  to  the  cottage,  to  achieve  something  for  their 
country.     It  was  at  the  instance  of  this  distinguished 
man,  that  a  "National  Board  of  Agriculture"' 
was  established,  and  received  the  protection  of  the  Gov- 
ernment.     Adequate  funds  were  assigned  to  succeed  its 
usefulness.     Its  annals  display  its  important  and  splendid 
career. 

Nearly  at  the  same  period,  the  spirit  of  improvement 
passed  the  ocean  and  took  up  its  abode  in  this  happy  land. 
It  was  at  the  era  when  the  present  government  began  to 
display  its  powers  and  its  benefits,  that  agriculture  and 
manufactures  arrested  tlie  attention  of  the  national  coun- 
cils. It  was  at  that  eventful  crisis,  when  Washington, 
the  first  Farmer  in  America,  and  Hamilton,  the  first 
Statesman  of  his  country,  guided  by  a  maxim  of  the 
great  Frederick  of  Prussia,  that  "  the  first  magistrate 
ought  to  have  a  constant  attention  to  agriculture,  to  pro- 
mote plenty,  to  encourage  industry  and  commerce"-— ex- 


posed  to  their  country  the  vakie  of  Its  native  resources, 
and  their  decided  influence  on  the  destinies  of  the  repub- 
lic. These  immense  interests  have  not  ceased  to  occupy 
every  succeeding  administration.  Clothed  with  such  high 
authority,  and  supported  by  so  great  patronage,  these 
most  interesting  subjects  come  addressed  to  your  consid- 
eration, and  claim  your  homage  and  support. 

If  we  could  be  permitted  to  add  a  single  motive  to  ex- 
cite attention,  industiy  and  exertion  in  this  great  cause  ; 
to  furnish  liberal  contributions  and  prompt  performance  ; 
we  could  draw  to  your  consideration  the  facts,  that  agri" 
cultural  improvements  are  the  cliief  ground  of  reliance  for 
the  future  safety  of  our  liberties  and  the  durability  of  the 
government — and  that  the  manufacturing  capital  of  the 
United  States,  exceeding  in  amount  the  value  of  the 
whole  American  navigation,  if  it  be  suffered  to  languish 
and  fail,  will  prejudice  agriculture,  and  carry  down  with 
it  the  spirit  and  cnterprize  of  the  country,  and  must  be 
followed  by  a  train  of  events  equally  disgraceful  to  the 
nation  and  ruinous  to  the  individual. 

Gentlemen — It  is  with  pride  and  self-satisfaction 
that  we  have  been  allowed  by  your  indulgence  to  dwell  so 
long  on  the  delightful  subjects  to  which  you  have  been  so 
zealously  and  faithfully  devoted.  Be  not  weary  in  well 
doing.  Innumerable  blessings  will  be  imparted  to  the 
country  by  your  agency.  The  generations  that  shall  suc- 
ceed, will  revere  your  names,  and  be  grateful  to  heaven 
that  you  were  inspired  to  make  these  efforts.  The  return 
of  this  anniversary,  from  age  to  age,  shall  recal  tlie  foun- 
ders and  the  early  patrons  of  the  Institution.  The  re- 
collection of  their  patriotism,  their  labors  and  sacrifices, 
shall  ensure  to  their  memory  and  to  the  Institution  an  im= 
perishable  existence.  The  annual  exertions  of  the  Asso- 
ciation shall  continue  to  distribute  their  benefits  to  every 
jx)rtion  of  this  happy  country.     Time  and  experience 


28 

will  enhance  their  value.  They  shall  remain  the  annual 
theme  of  the  Orator ;  the  Statesman's  study  and  sublim- 
est  displays.  And  when  peace  and  plenty,  wealth  and 
happiness,  shall  have  saturated  every  region  of  this  vast 
community,  and  placed  every  man  in  tranquillity  under 
his  "  own  vine  and  his  own  fig-tree,"  then  shall  some 
new  Phoenix  of  a  modern  Mantua  arise  to  celebrate,  in 
splendid  verse,  that  golden  age.  No  modern  Augustus 
shall  be  the  object  of  the  Poet's  homage.  No  !  The  an- 
nals of  the  land  shall  never  be  marked  by  such  degenera- 
cy. But  he  shall  inscribe  his  lays  to  the  immortal  Chiejsy 
Sages  and  Patriots,  who  have  guided  the  destinies  of  this 
free  and  glorious  nation.  He  shall  recount  their  virtues, 
their  toils  and  their  sacrifices.  He  shall  consecrate  his 
verse  to  erect  an  imperishable  monument  to  the  Bene- 
factors OF  THE  Country.  And  in  recounting  the 
distinguished  names  that  shall  have  given  splendor  to  his- 
tory and  hapi:>iness  to  man,  the  votaries  of  "  the  God  of 
the  Harvests"  shall  receive  a  full  tribute  of  grateful  hom- 
age and  of  elevated  renown  in  the  Temple  of  Fame. 


THE 

ADDRESS 

OF 

ISAIAH  IFESTON,  ESQ,. 

vice-president  of  the  society. 

Gentlemen — 

WHEN  agriculture  and  domestic  manufactures  arc 
our  theme,  we  interest  the  feelings  of  all,  because  they 
are  the  stay  and  staff  of  human  life,  and  the  Jachin  and 
Boaz  of  our  National  Independence.  We  read  the  sub- 
limity of  our  subject  in  the  great  volume  of  nature  ;  we 
measure  our  views  of  it  in  the  extent  of  our  country  ; 
and  the  conformation  of  it  is  the  type  of  its  grandeur.' 
When  the  Hero  of  the  Revolution  "  beat  his  sword  into 
a  ploughshare,  and  his  spear  into  a  pruning-hook,"  the 
"  spirit  of  the  Redeemer"  entered  the  temple,  "  drove 
out  the  buyers  and  sellers,  and  overset  the  tables  of  the 
money-changers. " 

It  is  now  no  profanation  of  the  sacred  place,  rescued 
from  the  "  sacrilegious  spirits  of  horsemanship,"  to  make 
it  a  place  for  the  free  and  noble  heart  to  receive  the  civic 
crown,  the  reward  most  grateful  to  genius  and  industry. 
A  little  attention  to  the  progress  of  civilization  Vv'ill  shew 
us,  that  the  manufacturer  is  nature'' s  ma?!,  and  the  true 
Ainerican,  without  whom  we  have  no  food,  raiment,  hab- 
itation, or  implement  of  defence. 

It  has  been  said,  "  that  manufactures  should  be  left  t» 
themselves  ;"  but  guided  by  the  best  interest  of  our  coun- 
try, if  manufactures  are  the  best  means  of  ensuring  our 
independence,  we  think  this  is  not  the  language  of  v/is- 
dom  or  patriotism, 


30 

This  Society,  whose  object  is  "  the  promotion  of  ag- 
riculture and  domestic  manufactures,"  does  not  ask  any- 
thing of  the  people  but  what  is  for  their  interest  to  grant. 
While  we  are  sacrificing  for  their  interest,  we  ask  them 
to  discliarge  part  of  the  debt  they  owe  to  this  Society  for 
advancing  the  honor,  interest  and  happiness  of  Berkshire, 
in  the  promotion  of  their  agricultural  and  manufacturing 
interests. 

We  ask  not  of  the  Government  one  half  of  the  protec- 
tion which  other  governments  have  given  their  manufac- 
turing establishments  to  enable  them  to  hold  a  competi- 
tion with,  and  to  supply  the  world.  We  ask  no  more  of 
that  temporising  policy,  which  '*  flatters  with  a  kiss,"  and 
then  "  betrays  :"  we  ask  to  be  protected  in  our  natural 
and  just  right  of  mamijacturing  for  our  own  country. 
This  policy  should  have  been  adopted  immediately  after 
the  revolution  ;  a  supplement  to  the  Declaration  of  Inch- 
pemlence^  or  formed  a  conspicuous  provision  in  our  Bill  of 
Rights. 

The  Revolution  was  succeeded  by  a  flood  of  importa- 
tions of  manufactures,  which  exhausted  the  circulating 
medium  to  such  a  degree,  that  the  State  of  New- Hamp- 
shire passed  a  law  making  boards  and  shingles  a  tender 
for  debts — Rhode- Island  made  paper  money  a  tender  for 
contracts — Massachusetts  had  an  insurrection.  The  late 
war  is  now  succeeded  by  the  same  course  of  imprudence. 
Far  better  would  it  now  be,  if  we  were  compelled  by  law 
to  fall  back  upon  our  competent  resources,  than  at  last  be 
brought  to  it  by  dear-bought  experience.  If  the  govern^ 
ment  persevere  in  temporising  policy,  on  the  principle 
that  -we  can  buy  our  fabrics  cheaper  than  we  can  make 
them,  we  reply,  that  with  equal  safety  and  wisdom  vvc 
can  hire  our  laws  made  at  St.  James'  for  half  the  money 
we  pay  for  the  making  of  them  at  the  City  of  Washing- 
ton. 


SI 

It  would  be  little  less  injurious  to  us  ;  it  would  no  more 
endanger  our  liberties  and  independence  for  the  foreigner 
to  make  our  laws,  than  our  cloths  ;  either  policy  will  in 
a  few  years  destroy  our  liberty,  recoloniae  the  States, 
and  make  us  "  hewers  of  wood  and  drawers  of  water'* 
to  foreign  task-masters. 

Let  the  Government  protect  the  manufacturers  in  sup- 
plying our  own  citizens  ;  let  us  live  on  our  own  resources^ 
and  enjoy  peace,  independence  and  happiness  ;  let  this 
Society  come  forward,  with  renewed  vigor,  and  emanci- 
pate, not  only  the  genius  of  Berkshire^  but  the  genius  of 
America. 

Let  the  agriculturalist  explore  the  hidden  treasure  of 
his  farm  ;  perhaps  the  mountains  of  Berkshire  contain 
the  riches  of  Potosi,  and  the  vales  of  Berkshire  the  mines 
of  Golconda  1 

Fair  Daughters  of  America  ! 

Assert  your  rights  ;  assume  your  dignity.  Let  not  the 
swarthy  daughters  of  Austria,  or  the  copper- colored  Rus- 
sian, exceed  you  in  patriotism  \  Let  your  ornaments  be 
American,  and  the  work  of  your  own  fingers  ;  then  the 
hearts  of  freemen  will  do  you  homage.  Disdain  the  fash- 
ions of  St.  James  and  St.  Cloud,  and  you  shall  be  rank- 
ed with  the  Heroines  of  the  Revolution,  who  expelled 
the  China  beverage,  rendered  dear  by  habit,  from  tlie 
party  of  pleasure. 

I  detain  you  no  longer  ;  but  proceed  to  the  pleasing  du- 
ty of  proclaiming  the  successful  competitors  for  premi- 
ums on  this  joyful  anniversary* 


HONORARY  MEMBERS. 


Hon.  John  Adams,   Quinccy,  (Mass.) 

Mr.  Joel  Bradley,  Lanesborough. 

Hon.  De  Witt  Clinton,  J\''e^v-York. 

G.  W.  P.  Custis,  Esq.  Abingion,  (Va.) 

Hon.  Samuel  Dexter,  Jiostoii. 

Major-General  Henry  Dearborn,  Esq.  Bcatan. 

H.  A.  S.  Dearborn,  Esq.  do. 

Aaron  Dexter,  Esq.  do. 

Hon.  Christopher  Gore,  do. 

Hon.  John  Holmes,  Alfred,  (Maine.) 

Iton.  Thomas  Jefferson,  Monticello,   (Va.) 

Samuel  G.  Jarvis,  Esq,    C'laremo7it,  (N.  H.) 

William  Jarvis,  Esq.   Weathersfdd,  (Vt.) 

Dr.  Leonard  Jarvis. 

Hon.  James  Lloyd,  Bonloii. 

Hon.  John  Lansing-,  jun.  Jllbamj. 

J^obert  L.  Livingston,  Esq.   Clermon(,  (N.  Y.) 

Dr.  Joseph  L.  Lovell,  Bosto7i. 

His  Excellency  James  Madison. 

pr.  S.  L.  Mitchell,  JVexu-Yurk. 

Hon.  Johvt  Mason,  Georgetoivn,  (District  of  Cohimbic*.; 

Tliomas  iNTelvill,  Esq.  Boston. 

Jolin  R.  Murray,  Esq.  J\"cvi-York. 

Hon.  Harrison  G.  Otis,  Boston. 

Hon.  Richard  Peters,  Philadelphia. 

James  Prince,  Esq.  Boston. 

Hon.  Joslah  Quincey,  do. 

Zachariah  Peifson,  Esq.  liichmond. 
Hon.  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer,  Albany. 

His  Excellency  Caleb  Strong,  jV'orthcmpicn 

Hon.  Richard  Sullivan,  Boston. 

Jeremiah  Stebbins,  Esq.  Springjield. 

Lemuel  Sliaw,  Esq.  Boston. 

Hon.  John  Tayler,  Albany. 

Hon.  Dudley  A.  Tyng-,    Cambridge. 

Hon.  Thomas  L.  Wiathrop,  Boston. 

Nathan  Appleton,  Esq.  do. 

Samuel  Appleton,  Esq.  do. 

Simeon  De  Witt,  Esq.  Albany. 

Hon.  Silas  Sto^v. 

Hon.  John  Lowell. 

Hon.  Samuel  >L  Hopkins. 

Col.  Samuel  Hawkins. 


